Inside the Vatican: Understanding the Papal Conclave Process

The selection of the next pope is set to begin shortly. Reporting from Rome, this briefing addresses common questions surrounding the Catholic Church’s method for choosing Pope Francis’ successor.

Duration of the Conclave

The conclave lasts until a candidate receives the required two-thirds majority of votes, which currently means at least 89 cardinals must agree on the new pope. Historically, conclaves have varied dramatically in length—from nearly three years in the 13th century to just a single day. Pope Francis was elected on the second day during the fifth round of voting. The announcement of a successful choice is traditionally signaled by white smoke emerging from the Sistine Chapel chimney.

Activities Between Voting Sessions

During the conclave, cardinals remain isolated without access to phones, internet, or media. Each vote is a deliberate process, with cardinals individually casting ballots at the front of the chapel. Some, like Cardinal Timothy Dolan of New York, plan to occupy downtime by reading—he intends to bring a book on Michelangelo. When not voting, cardinals may engage in prayer, conversation, or reading while confined near the Sistine Chapel. If no decision is reached after four days, they receive a day off but remain secluded.

Culinary Arrangements for the Cardinals

The cardinals reside in isolation at Casa Santa Marta, the Vatican guesthouse formerly occupied by Pope Francis, dining on meals prepared by the Vatican’s kitchen staff. All personnel involved in food service take vows of confidentiality to maintain the conclave’s secrecy.

Qualities Sought in the New Pope

Opinions within the College of Cardinals differ on the desired direction for the next pope. Some factions favor a leader who upholds traditional doctrines with a strict interpretation, reminiscent of John Paul II or Benedict XVI. Others hope for a successor with a progressive and humanitarian outlook similar to Pope Francis. The college today is more diverse than ever, reflecting a range of priorities and perspectives. The character and focus of the new papacy will become clearer when the newly elected pope appears on the balcony.